In 1965 the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was formed. Within HUD operates the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), which has the primary responsibility for administering the government home loan insurance program. This program allows a first time home buyer who might otherwise not qualify for a home loan to obtain one because the risk is removed from the lender by FHA who insures the loan for the lender.

The most popular FHA home loan program for a first time home buyer is by far is the 203(b). This is your standard fixed rate loan for 1-4 family owner occupied houses and only requires a minimum of 3% from the borrower. This loan also permits 100% of their money needed to close to be a gift from a relative, non-profit organization, or government agency.

The main advantage to a FHA home loan is that the credit criteria for a first time borrower are not as strict as Conventional Loans sold to Fannie Mae (FNMA) or Freddie Mac (FHLMC). Someone who may have had a few credit problems or no traditional credit should not have a problem obtaining FHA financing. Also, FHA home loans are assumable, allowing a person to take over the mortgage without the additional cost of obtaining a new loan. In addition, the seller or lender must pay for part of the "traditional" closing costs (called non-allowable costs) while a borrower's allowable costs can partially be wrapped into the loan. The monthly mortgage insurance premium is cheaper for an FHA loan verses a conventional loan with 3% down. Finally, FHA loans may may require less income to qualify as they will exceed the Conventional debt ratios of 28/36% as their standard is 29/41%. To learn more about debt ratios, please see the income section.

Many people make the mistake and assume that FHA loans are only available for first time home buyers. This is not true. FHA loans are available to anyone, whether your first or fifth home and can be used to purchase a home or refinance a home. If refinancing a home the current loan DOES NOT have to be an FHA loan.

The greatest disadvantage of FHA home loans is that FHA limits the loan size that a borrower can borrower Please see the link for FHA Loan Limits in your area. Others may try and convince you that the FHA upfront mortgage insurance premium (MIP) is a disadvantage. However this amount makes just a very small increase in the borrower's month payment and is partially refundable. See the section on MIP refunds for more information.

Buying a Condo using an FHA Loan

HUD Section 234(c) of the National Housing Act provides authority to insure any mortgage covering a one-family unit in a project coupled with an undivided interest in the common areas and facilities which serve the project. The project may include dwelling units in detached, semidetached, row, garden-type, low- or high-rise structures. Generally these types of properties are referred to as Condominiums.

HUD will insures mortgagees against losses on mortgage loans used for buying a condo or to refinance individual units in eligible condominium projects provided that they meet certain guidelines.

A.	Project Eligibility. The condominium project must be on HUD's approved condominium list.

B.	Applicant Eligibility. Eighty percent of the HUD-insured mortgages in a condominium project must be the principal residence of the owners (owner-occupants).

C.	Maximum Insurable Mortgage: Same as Section 203(b) (except that the mortgage amount must be in multiples of $50).

D.	Minimum Investment: Same as Section 203(b).

E.	Mortgage Term: Same as Section 203(b).

F.	Mortgage Insurance Premium: Monthly+Upfront MI of 1.5%

G.	Refinancing: Same as Section 203(b).

If the Condominium is not approved then the Lender may go through the "Spot Approval" process.

The following requirements must be satisfied before a spot loan is endorsed:

•	The condominium project must be complete. There should be no ongoing or anticipated addition of any units, common elements, and/or facilities.

•	Control of the common areas of the project must have been turned over to the unit owners association for at least one year.

•	The owners association must provide evidence that the project has the appropriate hazard, liability and flood insurance.

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Individual units in the project must be owned in fee simple or be an eligible leasehold interest. The project's legal documents must provide for undivided ownership of common areas by unit owners. By virtue of this ownership, unit owners must have the right to use all facilities and unrestricted common elements.

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The project's documents should not place any legal restrictions on conveyance. Any provisions that seek to limit the free transferability of title is generally unacceptable. Such restrictions include rights of first refusal and restrictive covenants. Certain governmental or nonprofit programs designed to assist in the purchase or rental of low- or moderate-income housing are exempted from the restrictions on conveyance provisions.

•	At least 90% of the units in the project must have been sold.

•	At least 51% of the units in the project must be owner-occupied.

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No single entity may own more than 10% of the units in a project. "Entity" includes an individual partnership, corporation, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, joint venture, investor group or other natural or legal person qualified to hold an interest in real property. The 10% restriction does not apply when the ownership of less than three units would disqualify an otherwise eligible project.

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HUD recognized that the 10% cap on the number of units that may secure FHA insured mortgages in a given project can place a small regime at a disadvantage, since only a few units will invoke the limit. Accordingly, a two-tiered system was established. For condominium projects having more than 30 units, no more than 10% of the units may have FHA insured loans at any given time. Condominium projects consisting of 30 units or less, can have up to 20% of the units encumbered by FHA insured mortgages under the spot loan rule.

FHA vs Conventional Loan

While many people deciding on a loan product rely exclusively on their lenders recommendation, you should understand the basic difference between an FHA loan and a Conventional Loan. The term Conventional Loan includes all loans under the current FNMA and FHLMC lending limits. Some of these may be called Conforming, A paper, subprime, Alt A, A Minus, BC (bad credit) and other industry names.

Most people that have heard of FHA loans tend to associate them with purchase money transactions. While purchases are the most common use, FHA loans are also available for rate and term refinance loans as well as Cash Out refinances.

The main advantage of a fha vs conventional loan is that the credit qualifying criteria for a borrower are not as strict as conventional loan financing and the down payment or Equity requirements are less. In comparing a purchase money FHA loan against a Conforming or A paper loan, the FHA loan will generally have the least amount of money required to close and the lower payment, see fha vs Conventional loan comparison (pdf file). FHA loans will allow the borrower who has had a few "credit problems" or those without a credit history to buy a home. An FHA Underwriter will require a reasonable explanation of these derogatories, but will approach a person's credit history with common sense credit underwriting. Most notably, borrowers with extenuating circumstances surrounding a bankruptcy that was discharged 2 years ago can be approved for maximum financing. Conventional A Paper financing, on the other hand, would require 4 years to have passed to be eligible for consideration and relies heavily upon credit scoring. If your score is below the minimum standard, you will not qualify or you will be place in a higher rate Subprime, Alt A or A minus loan product.

If a borrower does have past credit issues an FHA loan may be significantly cheaper than an alternative loan such as subprime, ALT A, or A minus. These other programs generally have higher interested rate of require a larger down payment or Equity position. Many of these alternative loan products have Pre Payment penalties where as FHA loan do not have such penalties. In fact FHA loans can be easily refinanced under the Streamline program.

Another advantage of a fha vs conventional loan is that FHA is one of the few home mortgage programs that allow a borrower to have their down payment gifted from a family member, a governmental agency, or non-profit organization. This allows home buyers without the necessary money to buy a home today.

Even though FHA charges an annual renewal mortgage insurance premium of 0.5% of the loan amount, this fee is generally half that charged by low down payment Conforming A Paper conventional mortgages (which range from 0.55% up to .96% per year). Subprime, Alt A and A minus rates range from 0.55% to 4.18%. For a $100,000 mortgage, FHA would charge approximately $41.67 per month and a typical low down (3%) conventional mortgage with a renewal premium of 0.78% would charge $65.00 per month. That's a $280 savings per year.

However, conventional financing does not require an upfront mortgage insurance premium when a borrower closes on the loan. With FHA financing, that fee for a 30 year loan is 1.50% of the loan amount that the borrower can wrap into the mortgage. On a $100,000 for 30 years at 8%, that's an additional $11.01 that the borrower must pay each month. That's almost an additional $132 the borrower must pay each year (fortunately the interest a borrower pays on his or her mortgage on a primary residence is tax deductible).

One drawback to FHA loans is that the loan limits set for FHA loans are typically less than the loan limits for conventional financing in most parts of the country. If a borrower is looking for a mortgage that exceeds the FHA loan limits for the area, the borrower would have to put additional money down on the property or finance under a conventional mortgage, Subprime, Alt A or A Minus product.